Air pollution situation and prevention

The impact of atmospheric pollution sources can be seen in terms of source strength and source height. Source strength refers to the rate at which pollutants are emitted. The concentration of the pollutant is proportional to the source strength, that is, the greater the source strength, the more serious the pollution.

Source height refers to the height of the source of pollution. Source height has a large impact on the concentration distribution of pollutants. In general, the further away from the source of pollution, the lower the concentration of pollutants, but for overhead sources, the situation is more complicated. Taking the chimney as an example, the concentration of ground pollutants is very low near the chimney, and gradually increases with the increase of the distance, and then gradually decreases after reaching a maximum value.

The current air pollution situation is very serious. Mainly manifested as soot pollution. The concentration of total suspended particulate matter in urban atmospheric environment is generally exceeding the standard. Sulfur dioxide pollution has been at a high level. The total amount of exhaust pollutants emitted by motor vehicles has increased rapidly.

Prevention
The prevention and control of air pollution is a huge systematic project. It requires the joint efforts of individuals, collectives, countries, and even the whole world. The following measures can be considered.

Reduce pollution emissions
Reforming the energy structure, using non-polluting energy (such as solar, wind, hydropower) solar energy and low-pollution energy (such as natural gas), pre-treatment of fuel (such as desulfurization before burning coal), improved combustion technology, etc. can be reduced The amount of sewage. In addition, before the pollutants enter the atmosphere, the use of dust removal and smoke elimination technology, condensation technology, liquid absorption technology, recycling technology to eliminate some of the pollutants in the exhaust gas can reduce the amount of pollutants entering the atmosphere. Plant purification method, China has been using vegetable source disinfection and sterilization for more than 3,000 years.

Self-purification ability
Different meteorological conditions, the atmosphere will have different capacities for pollutants, and the same amount of pollutants will be discharged, resulting in different concentrations of pollutants. For areas with large wind power, good ventilation, turbulent flow and strong convection, the atmosphere has a strong diffusion and dilution capacity, and more activities of factories and mines can be accepted. In areas and periods of inversion, the atmospheric diffusion and dilution ability is weak, and it is impossible to accept more pollutants, otherwise it will cause serious air pollution. Therefore, effective control of emissions should be carried out in different regions and at different time periods.

industrial area
Site selection, chimney design, urban and industrial zone planning should be reasonable, do not emit excessive concentration of the atmosphere, do not cause repeated superimposed pollution, and form serious pollution incidents in local areas.

Greening afforestation
The dense forest can reduce the wind speed and reduce the large dust carried in the air. The surface of the leaves is rough and uneven, some have fluff, and some can secrete mucus and oil, so they can absorb a large amount of dust. After the dusty leaves are washed by rain, they can continue to absorb the dust. This reciprocating blockage and adsorption of dust can purify the air.
Change fuel composition
The conversion from coal to gas is implemented. At the same time, intensify research and develop other new types of energy, such as solar energy, hydrogen fuel, and geothermal. This can also greatly reduce the pollution of soot.

starting from myself
1. Do not litter waste; travel by bus and subway as much as possible to reduce the use of private cars; participate in greening activities such as planting trees; install exhaust gas treatment devices in private cars, use lubricating oil to fully burn fuel and reduce harmful gas emissions.
2. Reduce smog weather and go out (According to the relevant explanation, Ozone is ozone, and PM2.5 refers to fine suspended particles below 2.5 microns in diameter, also called lung particles, which are in the air. “Health killer.” causes extensive damage to the respiratory system, heart and blood system.
3. Wearing a mask (the material of the mask, service life, technical level, etc.) is the standard for defining the quality of the mask. If the consumer has no special needs, it is not necessary to buy a “concept mask” marked with various functions.
4. Indoorly properly cultivate some green plants such as spider plants or install an air purifier.
Pay attention to cleaning (deep cleaning of pores of dust, bacteria, the first line of defense to protect the body – skin).
5. Supplement nutrition, appropriate to pass 100 micrograms of selenium, selenium is a “natural antidote” to enhance resistance.

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Air pollution hazard

The main hazards of air pollution are as follows:

Harm the human body
The harm of air pollutants to the human body is multi-faceted. The main manifestations are respiratory diseases and physiological dysfunction, as well as mucosal tissues such as the eyes and nose are irritated and sick. It is a chronic factor causing asthma in the elderly, and the lack of lungs leads to physical decline.
When the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is high, it can cause acute pollution poisoning, or worsen the condition, and even kill thousands of lives in a few days. In fact, even if the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is not high, the human body will breathe this polluted air for years, causing diseases such as chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and lung cancer.
Among the latest rankings of deaths among urban residents in China, the National Health and Family Planning Commission ranks first in malignant tumor deaths, with lung cancer ranking first. The incidence of lung cancer in China is 27% higher than that of males and 22% in females.

Harm to plants
Air pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide and fluoride, are very harmful to plants. When the concentration of pollutants is high, it will cause acute damage to plants, causing damage on the surface of plant leaves, or directly causing leaves to wither and fall off; when the concentration of pollutants is not high, it will cause chronic damage to plants, causing plant leaves to chlorotic. Or, on the surface, no harmful symptoms can be seen, but the physiological functions of the plants have been affected, resulting in a decrease in plant yield and deterioration in quality.

Impact climate
The effects of atmospheric pollutants on weather and climate are very significant and can be explained in the following aspects:
1. Reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground: a large amount of soot particles emitted from the factory, power station, automobile, and home heating equipment to the atmosphere, causing empty acid rain
The gas becomes very turbid and blocks sunlight, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. According to observations, in the days when smoke is not scattered in large industrial cities, the amount of sunlight directly shining on the ground is reduced by nearly 40% compared to the days without smoke. Cities with severe air pollution, every day, will cause people, animals and plants to grow and develop due to lack of sunlight.
2. Increasing atmospheric precipitation: Particles discharged from large industrial cities, many of which have the function of water condensation nuclei. Therefore, when there are other precipitation conditions in the atmosphere to match it, precipitation weather will occur. In the downwind areas of large industrial cities, precipitation is more.
3. Acid rain: Sometimes, the rainwater falling from the sky contains sulfuric acid. This acid rain is a pollutant in the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is oxidized to form sulfuric acid, which is formed by the precipitation of nature. Sulfuric acid rain can destroy large areas of forests and crops, and can cause corrosion of paper products, textiles, leather products, etc., which can deteriorate the metal anti-rust paint and reduce the protective effect, and also corrode the pollution of buildings. In the case of large industrial cities, the temperature of the near-surface air is higher than that of the surrounding suburbs due to the large amount of waste heat being discharged into the air. This phenomenon is called “heat island effect” in meteorology.

After research, it is believed that carbon dioxide plays a major role in various atmospheric pollutants that may cause climate change. About 50% of the large amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the numerous chimneys and other exhaust pipes on the earth into the atmosphere remains in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide can absorb long-wave radiation from the ground, increasing the temperature of the near-surface air. This is called the “greenhouse effect.” After a rough estimate, if the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere increases by 25%, the near-surface temperature can be increased by 0.5 to 2 °C. If it is increased by 100%, the near-surface temperature can be increased by 1.5 to 6 °C. Some experts believe that the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere will increase at a rate after 2000, which will accelerate the melting of ice in the Arctic and the Arctic, leading to global climate anomalies.

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Source of pollution

The source of atmospheric pollution is the source of atmospheric pollutants, mainly the following:
1. Industry: Industrial production is an important source of air pollution. Industrial production of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere
There are many kinds of substances, such as soot, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds, halides, carbon compounds and the like. Some of them are smoke and some are gases.
2. Living stoves and heating boilers: A large number of civilian life stoves and heating boilers in the city need to consume a large amount of coal. In the process of burning, coal should release a large amount of dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other harmful substances to pollute the atmosphere. Especially in the winter, when the heating is used, the smog in the polluted area is often filled, and people are coughing. This is also a source of pollution that cannot be ignored.
3. Transportation: Automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships are the main transportation tools of the day. The exhaust gases from coal or oil are also important pollutants. In particular, the cars in the city are large and concentrated. The pollutants emitted by the exhaust gas can directly invade the human respiratory organs, and the air pollution to the city is very serious, which has become one of the major pollution sources of air in large cities. The exhaust gases emitted by automobiles are mainly carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. The first three substances are very harmful.
4. Smoke from forest fires.
Types of
There are many types of air pollution, and more than 100 kinds of hazards have been found. Air pollutants can be classified according to their different chemical and physical properties:
1. Reduced pollution: It often occurs in areas where coal and oil are used. The main pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
2. Oxidized pollution: automobile exhaust pollution and photochemical pollution caused by it.
3. Petroleum pollution: mainly from automobile emissions, petroleum smelting and petrochemical plants, including nitrogen dioxide, olefins, alkanes, alcohols, etc.
4. Other special pollution: mainly various chemical substances discharged from various industrial enterprises.

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The definition and cause of air pollution

Definition:
 Air pollution, also known as air pollution, according to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), air pollution usually refers to: due to human activities or natural processes, certain substances enter the atmosphere, present sufficient concentration, enough time, And thus endangering human comfort, health and welfare or the environment.
In other words, as long as the quantity, nature and time of a certain substance are sufficient to affect humans or other creatures or property, we can call it air pollutants; and the phenomenon caused by its existence is air pollution.
On October 27, 2017, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer published a preliminary list of carcinogens, and outdoor air pollution is on the list of carcinogens.

Cause:
The atmosphere is a mixture of a certain proportion of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and solid impurity particles. In terms of air pollution, by standard, nitrogen accounts for 78.08%, oxygen accounts for 20.94%, rare gas accounts for 0.93%, carbon dioxide accounts for 0.03%, and other gases and impurities are about 0.02% by volume. Various natural changes often cause changes in atmospheric composition. For example, when a volcanic eruption, a large amount of dust and carbon dioxide gas is injected into the atmosphere, causing volcanic eruption in the volcanic eruption area and poisonous gas; large-area forest fires caused by natural causes such as thunder and lightning also increase the content of carbon dioxide and soot.

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Do you know? Eight factors that cause indoor air pollution, you can’t ignore it!

Indoor air quality must be a concern for everyone. Whether there is a strange smell in the room or some gas that has no strange taste will slowly eat into the human health state in the dark, then there are several reasons for indoor air pollution. what?

The first one is commonly used insecticides or disinfectant supplies. Although it is not very eye-catching, it may also produce volatile harmful substances indoors through chemical action, causing pollution to indoor air.

The second type is the decoration building materials or paints left after the decoration. I believe everyone has heard of formaldehyde, but CO, CO2, HCHO, CH3COCH3 also contain carcinogens such as HCHO in the composite board adhesive, so Xiaobian It is recommended that everyone wait for the new house to be renovated in the new house two months after the completion of the renovation, more effective volatility of toxic substances.

The third type is nicotine. The smokers in the house will cause harm to the human body regardless of whether they are first-hand or second-hand smoke. At the same time, the burning of cigarettes will also produce harmful substances such as CO, HCHO, CH3COCH3, which is also the reason for the increase of indoor aerosol concentration.

The fourth possibility is that most of the students do not have a home. That is the printer. The printer produces ozone. Ozone is an irritating gas that is very irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. If it itself has asthma or respiratory diseases, the ozone is irritating. May aggravate symptoms

The fifth type is paint, which mainly produces formaldehyde, but the formaldehyde in the old house should be almost gone. The new house still needs to wait 2 months to volatilize most of the formaldehyde.

The sixth kind is that when you cook, or use a small sun to warm, it will increase the production of carbon monoxide and other substances, reduce the oxygen content of the air, long-term reduction of oxygen content may cause chest tightness and shortness of breath and other symptoms, so Xiaobian recommended cooking When making food, it is still open to the window, and it is best to circulate with outdoor air.

The seventh type is small creatures. For example, if you do not clean the wet area for a long time, it will produce microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria or dust mites. Pay more attention to clean and humid places, and completely eliminate their living environment.

The eighth type is air pollution from the outside, such as the house around the factory or try not to open the window, or open the window near the road with large traffic flow will reduce the air quality. Compared with the above points, the gas emitted by the factory is more likely to cause Dust and other diseases.

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How to purify indoor air and avoid pollution?

In the face of this “invisible killer”, simply opening the window ventilation may not be useful, and the wrong living habits will make the indoor air pollution worse than the outdoor! In order to effectively improve indoor air quality, the following points need to be achieved.

The first is to master the correct window ventilation method, avoiding traffic peaks and dust when the outdoor air pollution is not very serious, and open the window twice a day for 20-40 minutes. But the question is coming. How can we compare the air in the indoor and outdoor areas? Is it guaranteed to open the window and ventilate instead of opening the window?

Second, choosing a professional air purifier is an extremely effective method. There are many types of air purifiers on the market today, and the performance is also uneven. When consumers purchase, they can focus on the purification efficiency of the product and the service life of the filter.

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What harm does the inhalation of too much ozone have on the human body?

Ozone is a strong oxidant with a fishy smell. It has a specific gravity of 1.66 times that of air and is often concentrated in the lower space of the office. Ozone is a silent killer! Ozone strongly stimulates the respiratory tract, causing sore throat, chest tightness and cough, bronchitis and emphysema; ozone can cause nerve poisoning, dizziness, headache, decreased vision, memory loss; ozone will cause vitamin E in human skin. To the destructive effect, causing human skin to wrinkle and appear dark spots; ozone will also destroy the body’s immune function, induce lymphocyte chromosomal lesions, accelerate aging, causing pregnant women to have deformed children, and the organic waste gas produced by toner fever is one A strong carcinogen that causes a variety of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the harm caused by ozone and organic waste gas must be highly valued.

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The five major sources of indoor air pollution and hazards, does your family have it?

Indoor air pollution ranks among the four key environmental problems in the world. Indoor environmental pollution caused by construction, decoration and furniture has become a major killer affecting people’s health. At present, the sources of indoor air pollutants are mainly the following:

1, formaldehyde
Formaldehyde has become the primary pollutant in the indoor environment, causing widespread concern in the society. It mainly comes from interior decoration, adhesives for decorative materials and preservatives. The indoor environment in China is seriously polluted, and 60% to 94% of the newly renovated rooms have a formaldehyde concentration exceeding the national standard.

Formaldehyde has been identified by the WHO as a teratogenic substance and is also one of the potential strong mutagens. A large number of studies have shown that children are more sensitive to formaldehyde, 0.06 ~ 0.07mg / m3 of formaldehyde can cause mild asthma in children, 30mg / m3 of formaldehyde can cause children to die.

2, helium
Helium is one of the most common indoor pollutants, mainly from building materials and home-based soils. Studies have shown that xenon pollution is the second factor that causes lung cancer, second only to smoking. Relevant statistics show that 50,000 people die from lung cancer every year in China. The carcinogenic incubation period of hernia in the human body can be as long as 15 to 40 years.

3, benzene series
Benzene contains benzene, toluene and xylene. It is one of the most common indoor pollutants. The main sources are various adhesives, paints and waterproof materials. WHO and international cancer agencies have identified benzene as a carcinogen. Long-term exposure to low- and medium-concentration benzene can cause neurasthenia such as headache, insomnia, lack of energy, and memory loss. In severe cases, the liver is damaged, leukopenia is reduced, and leukemia and aplastic disease are caused. Anemia; for pregnant women, the harm is greater, it will cause congenital defects of the fetus.

4, ammonia
Ammonia gas has corrosion and irritating effects on the tissues it touches. It is one of the most common indoor pollutants, mainly from construction, decoration and decorative additives. Ammonia is irritating to the human respiratory system, causing not only direct sensory stimulation, but also pulmonary edema.

5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are a general term for a variety of pollutants. As mentioned above, formaldehyde and benzene series are all VOCs, which have a wide range of sources and have a great impact on human health.

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