Haze or more serious impact: causing the Pacific storm to be more violent
US researchers reported in a new issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on the 14th that the simulation results show that air pollution in Asia may increase the Pacific storm.
Researchers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory used global climate models to simulate current and historical pollution. It was found that the ‘optical thickness’ of aerosols in the North Pacific increased significantly due to air pollution in Asia. The convective clouds become thicker and higher, resulting in the strengthening of short-wave and long-wave ‘cloud radiation’ at the top of the atmosphere.
Wang Yuan, the first author of the research report, told reporters: ‘Our simulation results show that the suspended particles produced by anthropogenic pollution can effectively change the microphysical properties and optics of convective clouds in the Pacific storm system as cloud condensation nuclei and ice cores. More importantly, by interacting with the cloud, particulate matter can change the heat distribution in the storm system, changing the dynamics of the storm and making the storm system worse.’
He further explained that the Pacific Storm System is an important part of the global atmospheric circulation and plays a role in transporting heat and water vapor to high latitudes. As a result, storm systems that are enhanced by air pollution in Asia have a significant impact on weather systems in other parts of the world, and are potentially linked to the observed anomalous weather conditions in the northern hemisphere winter. But he also pointed out that much research is needed on the relationship between Asian air pollution and specific extreme weather changes.
Wang Yuan pointed out that this new study emphasizes the effects of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere, especially anthropogenic emissions of pollutants on clouds, precipitation and atmospheric circulation systems worldwide. Therefore, the impact of suspended particulate matter other than greenhouse gases needs to be considered when conducting global climate predictions and developing relevant international policies.
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Smog in the Indian capital, killing one person per hour
According to the Xinhua News Agency, according to the Global Burden of Disease Research, outdoor air pollution has become the fifth leading cause of death among Indians, after high blood pressure, indoor pollution, smoking and malnutrition. The number of deaths from outdoor air pollution has increased from 100,000 in 2000 to 620,000 in 2010. In the capital New Delhi, an average person died every hour because of air pollution.
The Hindustan Times reported that one-third of India’s population lives in an environment where harmful gases such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide and particulate matter (PM10) are seriously exceeded.
‘About half of India’s airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) levels exceed the standard.’ Chandra Bhushan, deputy director of the Indian Centre for Environmental and Science, told reporters. The monitoring results show that India only has air quality standards in two cities in southern Kerala. The green coverage rate in New Delhi is very large and the industrial area is also far from the urban area. Environmental experts believe that air quality in New Delhi has deteriorated in recent years due to the surge in the number of cars.
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Although the particles in the air are invisible to the naked eye, the particles can reduce the visibility of the air, make the blue sky disappear, and the sky becomes a gray one. This weather is gray sky. In ash days, the concentration of PM2.5 is significantly higher than usual, and the higher the concentration of PM2.5, the lower the visibility .
Although different sizes of particles in the air can reduce visibility, the finer PM2.5 is more capable of reducing visibility than coarse particles. The reduction in visibility is essentially a hindrance to the transmission of visible light. When the diameter of the particles is close to the wavelength of visible light, the particles have the strongest ability to scatter light. The wavelength of visible light is between 0.4 and 0.7 microns, and particles with particle sizes near this size are the main components of PM2.5. The theoretical calculations also clearly show this: the extinction coefficient of coarse particles is about 0.6 m2/g, while the extinction coefficient of PM2.5 is much larger, between 1.25-10 m 2 /g, of which PM2. The extinction coefficients of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and organic particles, which are the main components of 5, are all about 3, which is five times that of coarse particles. Therefore, PM2.5 is the main reason for the reduced visibility of ash day.
It is worth mentioning that the ash day is caused by particulate matter pollution, while the foggy weather is a natural weather phenomenon, and there is no necessary connection with man-made pollution. The main difference between the two is air humidity, which is usually called fog when the humidity is greater than 90%, and sputum when the humidity is less than 80%, and a mixture of smog when the humidity is between 80-90%.
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Singapore is full of smog, Indonesia is hard to blame
Singapore will once again enter the annual ‘season’. In 2013, Singapore’s smog from neighboring Indonesia’s land reclamation came with the wind, and Singapore experienced unprecedented air pollution. Due to the inaction of the Indonesian government in the past year, coupled with the impact of the El Niño phenomenon, it is expected that air pollution in Singapore will only become more serious this year.
Singapore has always been proud of its fresh air, but the air pollution index here reached its highest point in history last June. The neighboring Indonesian island of Sumatra opened up forests by burning waste, causing the whole of Singapore to be swallowed up by smog.
Despite the indignation of Singaporeans, the environmental protection organizations have exerted a lot of pressure on the Indonesian government. However, over the past year, the Indonesian government has not been able to reach an agreement on cross-border smog pollution in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in 2002. The fire on Sumatra is still raging. Burning. Because of the many peat deposits beneath the surface, fires can often last for several weeks.
To make matters worse, the possibility of the El Niño phenomenon is also growing this year. This means that Singapore, parts of Indonesia and Malaysia may be enveloped in smoke in the next few months, which will be a major blow to the health, economy and tourism of local people.
The El Niño phenomenon usually manifests as an unusual warming of the Pacific Ocean, which can cause severe droughts in Australia, Southeast Asia, and India, while flooding the Midwest and Brazil.
Singapore’s Environment Minister Vivian Balakrishnan told Reuters: ‘If Southeast Asia enters the dry season of four to six months from June, and the behavior of businesses and people remains the same, we will face a period of time. Very difficult time.’
According to Reuters, due to delays in pollution control, Singapore intends to take the initiative to punish individuals and businesses that cause air pollution in Singapore outside the country and is expected to submit it to Parliament later this year. However, legal experts believe that this decree is a bold move and it is difficult to implement it.
Because it is not easy to obtain evidence, it is difficult to specify who should be responsible for the smog. Both Indonesia and Malaysia refused to disclose maps that clearly show land use and rentals, so that it is impossible to know who the land to be burned is. Legal proceedings in courts in Singapore are a more complicated process.
Alan Tan, a professor of international law at the National University of Singapore, said: ‘The basic forensic investigation of who is arson on any land is difficult to complete, not to mention the real prosecution of parties or the management of land use conflicts. A complicated problem.’
The world’s two major palm oil companies, Fengyi International Co., Ltd. and Jinguang Agricultural Resources Co., Ltd. have promised not to destroy the forest. In addition to the palm oil industry, it is believed that the paper and pulp industry is also one of the causes of smog.
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India will set a new air quality index to help people understand air pollution
The Indian Minister of Environmental Protection said that India will set up a new air quality index to help people better understand air pollution and its impact on health. The new Air Quality Index will provide data on eight air pollutants and indicate their health impact in different colors.
In May 2014, the World Health Organization published a survey of 1,600 cities around the world. According to the report, the Indian capital, New Delhi, has an annual PM2.5 index of 153 μg/m3, ranking first in the world. Thirteen of the 20 cities with the worst global air quality are located in India. However, the Indian government has indicated that it does not accept the conclusions of the report.
According to British media reports, as part of India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Clean India Mission’ initiative, the new Air Quality Index will provide the public with data on eight air pollutants, with different colors representing different health The extent of the impact.
Indian Environmental Minister Prakash Yawadkar said that the new air quality index uses ‘one color, one data and a single description’ to let ordinary residents understand the extent of air pollution.
Anumita Roy Chowdhury, director of the Air Pollution Project at the Environmental and Environmental Center of the Indian Environmental Protection Agency, said: ‘(Currently) people don’t know what these pollutants are, nor do they know when pollutants reach a certain critical point. What. The new index will help people better understand the state of air quality.’ Roy Chowdhury said India needs to take more action to control air pollution and prepare emergency plans.
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In the past week, the air quality of many cities has been at a moderate level of pollution, and even severe pollution or serious pollution has occurred in individual areas.
For the autumn and winter seasons, there are often foggy days, which makes many people wonder. ‘Why is the air quality in the autumn and winter season always not good? Is the air quality in the spring and summer seasons relatively good, and there are no pollutants in the atmosphere?’
There are many reasons for air pollution, which are related to pollution source emissions, external pollution input, and atmospheric diffusion conditions. In the absence of external pollution input and no increase in pollution source emissions, the main reason for the prone to polluted weather in autumn and winter than in spring and summer is that atmospheric activity is weakened, and pollutants are easy to accumulate, which is not conducive to diffusion.
In general, pollutants diffuse into four ways: atmospheric turbulence (irregular movement of air micelles), convective diffusion, advection diffusion, and strong weather activities (precipitation, high winds, etc.). However, due to the autumn and winter seasons, the above four types of diffusion paths have been reduced, and the inversion layer often appearing in the autumn and winter seasons further makes the atmosphere in a static state, so that the pollutants cannot spread.
The so-called inversion temperature is the cooling effect of the ground radiation, which causes the temperature in the near-surface layer to drop rapidly, while the temperature in the upper layer is slower, and there is a situation in which the foot is heavy. The occurrence of inversion temperature will make the atmosphere extremely stable, which is not conducive to the spread of pollutants. Since the inversion temperature occurs mostly in the autumn and winter seasons, only when the sun rises in the daytime, the inversion layer will be broken as the temperature rises, so the air quality is relatively good in the autumn and winter seasons and at noon during the day.
As for the relatively good air quality in spring and summer, it is still related to the atmospheric diffusion conditions. In spring and summer, the atmospheric movement is more active, the diffusion conditions are better, and the pollutants are easy to disperse.
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London sent pigeons to carry air quality detectors to detect air pollution
A special force – pigeons – appeared in the British capital over London. They carry air quality detectors to detect real-time detection of pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone over the city. The three-day event, called the Pigeon Air Patrol, aims to raise public awareness of air pollution.
Agence France-Presse reported that on the 16th, the last day of the event, 10 well-trained pigeons flew from the Primrose Hill in the wealthy area of northern London to fly over London.
One of the pigeons was tied to a lightweight air quality tester and another pigeon was tied to a global positioning satellite system. An air quality detector weighing only 25 grams records pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide emitted by the vehicle. Local residents can get the air pollution index of their region by paying attention to the activity account on the social networking site.
According to Pierre Deca Nou, the creative director of the event and the marketing agency Le Bieyang, the event was inspired by the extensive use of pigeons during the war. During the two world wars, pigeons were used to transmit information and save lives. The flying height of the pigeons is relatively low, between 30 and 46 meters, and the speed is as high as 129 kilometers per hour. Deca Noir believes that it is feasible to have a mobile air detector with a pigeon, and that the pigeons are not affected by traffic congestion in London.
Gary Fuller, an air pollution expert at King’s College London, also believes that it is a good thing to let the ‘doing nothing’ pigeons in Trafalgar Square ‘start working’. ‘This is the first time I’ve heard that urban animal-borne detectors provide us with air pollution data.’
According to CNN, the ‘Dove Air Patrol‘ campaign is actually launching a larger event for a French air quality testing company. The company is recruiting 100 Londoners to carry air quality detectors to detect air pollution at various locations in London. Interested parties can pay approximately £79 to £99 on the crowdfunding platform. On the 16th, 60 people have already paid.
‘Fog’ hat is difficult to pick?
‘The air we need to breathe every day weighs 20 kilograms,’ said Roman Laconb, CEO of the French company. ‘Never millions of people worldwide die from air pollution every year, but because the pollutants are not visible, we are very Hard to recognize the problem.’
During the ‘Dove Air Patrol‘ event, most parts of London are suffering from moderate to severe air pollution, with Battersea being the most polluted.
A survey conducted by King’s College London last year showed that air pollution caused 9,500 Londoners to die.
British Labor Party leader Jeremy Corbin made a severe question on Prime Minister David Cameron in the parliament on the 16th, and air pollution is the focus of the Corbin attack.
According to data cited by Corbin, 400,000 people die each year from air pollution in the UK, bringing 20 billion pounds of economic losses to the country.
Corbin said that ‘sadly is that in the UK can fulfill its obligations, before the pollution level will be reduced, there will be 500,000 people will die due to air pollution.
According to Agence France-Presse, the level of nitrogen dioxide pollution in London ranks first among European capitals. In 2014, the UK was criticized by the European Commission for failing to fulfill its obligation to reduce air pollution.
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Many countries in Europe have been hit by strong smog attacks
Recently, strong smog has occurred in many places in Europe. According to the chart provided by the real-time air quality index testing website on the 18th, the Western European countries Britain and France are the hardest hit areas of smog; some cities in Eastern Europe, Poland and the Czech Republic, have more smog. The air quality in Moscow, the capital of Russia, is particularly bad, and the air pollution index is staggering.
>>London
The toxic fog hits the scene of ‘fog’
According to the British ‘Mirror’ reported on the 18th, health experts warned that the virus-like fog blowing in the direction of the European continent is sweeping across the UK and may lead to a health crisis. Thousands of people may fall ill, and people with weak constitutions may be in danger.
High pressure over the sky makes pollution impossible to spread
The virus caused the virus to sweep across the UK, and the alarm level in many places in the UK has risen to level 9, with level 10 being the highest. Expert Bolton believes that the poisonous mist is blowing from the direction of the European continent, and the warm weather makes the traffic pollution more serious. He said: ‘There is a high pressure over the UK, which causes pollution to spread.’
London has returned to the ‘Fog Capital’ hat, and the ‘Fog Capital’ scene reappears. The southeastern and central parts of London are covered with a turbid fog, ‘like a fairyland.’ The entire city is shrouded in a hazy smog, with low visibility and unclear high-rise buildings in the distance. On the street, pedestrians wear masks and the car is covered with dust.
Last year, 1.6 million people were caused by toxic fog
What worries the British people is that these are the virus-like fog. According to the ‘Mirror’ report, according to data from the government health consultant, last year, 29,000 people in the UK died of air pollution. This figure is 16 times the number of deaths from road traffic accidents in that year and twice as many as the number of deaths from breast cancer.
On the 18th, British officials warned that ‘toxic fog may cause serious health problems, and children and the elderly with asthma, heart disease or lung disease need special attention.’ In 2014, similar toxic fog pollution incidents broke out in the UK, and many people felt unwell after inhaling haze. The charity ‘British Asthma’ said that 1.6 million people were caused by toxic fog.
>>Paris
The smog enveloped the Eiffel Tower was ‘launched’
According to the British ‘Guardian’ reported on the 18th, in addition to the United Kingdom, France is also shrouded in smog. The soaring air pollution situation has attracted the attention of the French government and promptly introduced a number of emergency measures.
The Eiffel Tower ‘disappears’ in the middle
In December 2013, the smog covered the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi’an. The netizen once said that ‘Is the Big Wild Goose Pagoda launched?’ Today, the Eiffel Tower in France was also ‘launched’. On the 18th, the Eiffel Tower ‘disappeared’ in brown smog. Netizens have commented: ‘If you can’t see the Eiffel Tower, how can you believe that this is Paris?’
According to Agence France-Presse, in Paris, air quality monitoring agencies use PM10 to measure pollution levels. The safety margin of the PM10 was set at 80 micrograms per cubic meter, but the PM10 in Paris once reached 180 micrograms.
The French government introduced a number of emergency measures
According to the British ‘Guardian’ report, on the 18th, the French government quickly introduced emergency measures, such as reducing the speed limit of motor vehicles (20 km / h), prohibiting the burning of garbage. In addition, the French government has taken other urgent measures, including allowing only one out of every two cars to enter Paris and launching free public transport.
During the smog last year, the French government adopted single and double restrictions, and all public transportation in the Paris area was free for four consecutive days.
>>Moscow
The smell of the air, the public complained that the smell was bad.
According to the chart provided by the real-time air quality index testing website on the 18th, the air quality in Moscow, the capital of Russia, is particularly bad, and the air pollution index has reached an astonishing 452. On the 18th, there was haze in the north of Moscow, and the air was filled with stench, Moscow citizens. And tourists once again complained about the decline in air quality.
The smog in Moscow has a distinctive feature, always filled with unpleasant smells, and the whole city is shrouded in a smog of pungent, stinky eggs. At the end of last year, there was a rare weather condition called ‘Smelly Egg Cloud’ in Moscow. The air emitted the stench of sulfides; the visibility was very low, and even the sun could not be seen.
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PM2.5 promotes aging in the brain, and older people are more likely to have a stroke
According to the Science Daily, air pollution, even moderate pollution, has been seen as a risk factor for increased stroke. A recent study by scientists at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Medicine has shown that long-term exposure to air pollution can impair brain structure and cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly people.
In an article published in the journal Stroke, the researchers investigated more than 900 subjects in the Framingham Heart Study and found evidence of smaller brain structures and more subtle cerebral infarctions. It is a “static” ischemic stroke that is caused by blockages in the blood vessels that supply the brain.
The study assessed how far the subject’s living quarters were from the main road and used satellite imaging to assess the longer-term exposure of fine particles to suspended particles, which are 2.5 meters in diameter, also known as the 2.5-meter-diameter particles. For PM2.5. These granules come from many sources, including power plants, factories, trucks, motor vehicles, and burning wood. They can go deep into the lungs, and other studies have shown that PM2.5 is associated with an increasing number of cardiovascular patients in the hospital, such as heart disease and stroke.
‘This is one of the first studies to investigate the correlation between air pollution and brain structure,’ says Elissa Wilker, a researcher at the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Laboratory at the Israel Women’s Deacon Medical Center. He is also a member of the Epidemiology and Danger Program exposed by the Harvard Chen Zengxi School of Public Health (HSPH) Department of Environmental Health. ‘Our findings suggest that air pollution is closely related to the insidious structural brain aging effects, even in individuals without dementia or stroke.’
Participants in the study were individuals over 60 years of age who did not have Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. The assessment included brain capacity – age markers associated with brain atrophy; hippocampal volume, which reflects changes in the brain region that control memory; high density of white matter, which can be used to measure pathology and aging; and hidden Cerebral infarction.
The study found that PM2.5 in the air increased by 2 μg/m3 – a common growth in New England and New York, as well as in large cities such as New York – leading to an increased likelihood of occult cerebral infarction and reduced brain capacity. This effect is equivalent to about one year of brain aging.
‘These results are an important step toward helping us understand what’s going on in the brain,’ Wilk said. ‘As for the possible mechanisms by which air pollution affects brain aging, it is still unclear, but systemic inflammation caused by fine particles deposited in the lungs is likely to be very important.’
‘This study shows that PM2.5 in the air increases by 2 μg/m3 – a common area of PM2.5 in the US metropolis – people living in heavily polluted areas are more likely than people living in lightly polluted areas. Brain capacity is an average of 1 year old, and their risk of developing a static stroke is 46% increased,’ said Sudha Seshadri, a professor of neurology at Boston University School of Medicine and a senior investigator of the Framingham Heart Research. .
‘This is really worrying because we know that static stroke increases the risk of dominant stroke and development of Alzheimer’s disease, walking problems and depression. We now plan to investigate the long-term effects of air pollution, which is more sensitive to MRI. (MRI) measurements, brain atrophy, and other risks, including the effects of stroke and senile dementia.’
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The smog is still terrible, smoking indoors causes PM2.5 to directly explode
The haze and the low temperature, some smokers will stay at home to smoke. If you don’t open the windows and doors, the smoke will haunt the house in a while. The reporter found that if the number of cigarettes is ignited at the same time, the indoor PM2.5 will directly burst into a thousand! …is terrible, don’t smoke in the house for everyone’s health!
Experiment
Experiment in a room of approximately 20 square meters and close the doors and windows during the experiment. Test air quality in different states.
Experiment equipment
Experimental equipment: two packs of cigarettes, lighters, laser detectors, laser detectors can detect PM2.5 concentration and formaldehyde concentration in the air.
Experiment procedure
When the cigarette is not lit, the indoor condition is PM2.5 at around 230.
Experiment analysis
Note: Since the meter is more sensitive, the value fluctuates within a certain range, and the numerical interval represents the lowest value and the highest value in this state. According to the air pollution index level, the PM2.5 value is mildly polluted at 101-150, the 151-200 is moderately polluted, the 201-250 is heavily polluted, and the above 250 is severely polluted. According to the indoor formaldehyde content classification, when the indoor content is 0-0.05, it belongs to the safety level, 0.06-0.08 belongs to the general level, and 0.08 or more belongs to the excessive standard.
Experimental result
In terms of PM2.5 concentration, the experiment found that when the cigarette was ignited, the concentration began to rise. When igniting a cigarette (such as smoking in a room), the local concentration of PM2.5 exceeds 250 μg/m3, that is, the local air quality reaches a serious level of pollution. When igniting 10 cigarettes (such as many people smoking at indoor gatherings), the PM2.5 concentration is stable at around 700 μg/m3, and the instantaneous PM2.5 can reach 1000 μg/m3, which is the highest value of the sputum.
In addition, the door and window ventilation was not opened during the experiment, which means that if the indoor smoking continuously, the PM2.5 concentration will be in a cumulative state. At the same time, after the cigarettes are burned out and the smoke is ‘invisible’, the value will drop rapidly. For example, after 20 cigarettes are burned out, the value no longer lasts between 900 and 1000 mg/m3, but falls to the range of 700-800 mg/m3.
The formaldehyde concentration data shows that the formaldehyde data will increase after the cigarette is ignited. When the PM2.5 concentration was increased to about 600 μg/m3, the formaldehyde content increased to 0.18 mg/m3. When PM2.5 to 1000 μg/m3, the instantaneous formaldehyde concentration can reach 1 mg/m3. In other words, smoking indoors will increase the concentration of formaldehyde.
Expert: Smoking in the haze days is a ‘health’ for health hazards
Yang Yue, director of the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital, said that smoking and smog have a commonality to the human body. They are all breathing system without oxygen exchange; therefore, smoking indoors in smog can be said to be ‘additional.’
Experts said that people in the haze are used to closing the doors and windows. If you smoke indoors, the air will not circulate and the concentration will be very high. It can be seen that the haze day itself makes the oxygen content lower. At this time, the smoking increases the anoxic state of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, forming a heavy diaphragm.
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